A verb is a word that describes an action, a state of being, or an occurrence. It is the core of a sentence, telling you what the subject is doing or what is happening.

Verbs can show:
• Action: The dog runs fast.
• State of Being: I am happy. She was a teacher.
• Occurrence: The mango ripened overnight.

Common verbs include: learn, jump, speak, study, and sit.

An auxiliary verb, also known as a helping verb, works with a main verb to help express tense, mood, or voice. They are essential for forming questions, negative sentences, and complex verb tenses.

There are three main types of auxiliary verbs:

The three primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, have, and do.

Forms: am, is, are, was, were, being, been.

Usage:
The verb 'be' is used as an auxiliary verb to:
• Form Continuous Tenses: She is reading a book. (Present Continuous)
• Form the Passive Voice: The cake was baked by Ram. (Past Simple Passive)

Forms: have, has, had, having.

Usage:
The verb 'have' is used as an auxiliary verb to:
• Form Perfect Tenses: They have finished their homework. (Present Perfect)
• Form Perfect Continuous Tenses: She had been working for hours. (Past Perfect Continuous)

Forms: do, does, did.

Usage:
The verb 'do' is used as an auxiliary verb to:
• Form Questions: Do you like sweets?
• Form Negatives: He does not want to play.
• Add Emphasis: I do understand your point.

A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express concepts such as ability, permission, possibility, obligation, or advice. They modify the main verb to show a particular mood or attitude.

Common modal verbs include: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to.

Examples:
• My brother can solve this question. (Expresses ability)
• We should help the needy. (Expresses advice/obligation)
• It might rain tomorrow. (Expresses possibility)

Marginal auxiliary verbs, also known as semi-modal verbs, are verbs that have some characteristics of modal verbs but can also function as main verbs. They don't always follow the same grammar rules as primary modals.

The most common marginal auxiliaries are: dare, need, used to, and ought to.

Examples:
• Dare: He dares to challenge the champion. (Behaves like a main verb)
• Need: You need not worry. (Behaves like a modal verb)
• Used to: I used to live in that city. (Expresses a past habit)
• Ought to: You ought to apologize for your mistake. (Expresses obligation)

The main verb (also called a principal verb) is the word that shows the key action or state in a sentence. It can express a physical or mental activity and often stands alone without a helping verb.

Examples: play, eat, go, sleep, read, walk.

Main verbs are broadly categorized into two types:
1. Finite Verbs
2. Non-Finite Verbs

A finite verb is a verb that agrees with its subject in person and number, and it shows tense (e.g., past or present). It is the main verb in a clause.

Examples:
• He runs every morning. (The verb 'runs' is finite because it agrees with the subject 'he' and shows the present tense.)
• They ran yesterday. (The verb 'ran' is finite because it agrees with the subject 'they' and shows the past tense.)

A transitive verb is a verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning. The object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. You can identify the object by asking 'what?' or 'whom?' after the verb.

Examples:
• She kicked the ball. (The verb 'kicked' is transitive, and 'the ball' is the direct object.)
• She baked a cake.
• They watched a movie.
• Neha wrote a letter.

An intransitive verb is a verb that expresses a complete action without requiring a direct object to receive it. The action stops with the subject.

Examples:
• Raha sleeps. (The verb 'sleeps' is intransitive because there is no direct object receiving the action.)
• Birds fly.
• The baby cried.
• Nisha has arrived.

A non-finite verb is a verb form that does not show tense, person, or number. It cannot act as the main verb of a sentence and instead functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

There are three main types of non-finite verbs:
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Participle

An infinitive is the base form of a verb, often preceded by the word 'to'. Infinitives are versatile and can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Types of Infinitives:
• Full Infinitive (with 'to'): The most common form. Example: To read is enjoyable.
• Bare Infinitive (without 'to'): Used after certain verbs like 'make', 'let', and 'hear'. Example: She made him cry.

How Infinitives Function in a Sentence:
• As a Noun (Subject or Object):
- To travel is my dream. (Subject)
- He wants to learn. (Object)

• As an Adjective (Modifying a Noun):
- She has a lot of work to do.
- This is the best place to relax.

• As an Adverb (Modifying a Verb or Adjective):
- He went to the store to buy milk. (Explains purpose)
- The lesson is easy to understand. (Modifies 'easy')

A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. It can act as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.

Examples:
• Swimming is a perfect exercise. (Acts as the subject of the sentence.)
• She enjoys reading. (Acts as the object of the verb 'enjoys'.)
• He is good at painting. (Acts as the object of the preposition 'at'.)

A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective to modify nouns or be used with auxiliary verbs to create different verb tenses.

There are three types of participles:

1. Present Participle (ending in -ing):
• As an adjective: The crying baby needs attention.
• In a verb tense: He is crying.

2. Past Participle (usually ending in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n):
• As an adjective: The broken window needs to be fixed.
• In a verb tense: She has broken the record.

3. Perfect Participle (having + past participle):
• Used to show that one action was completed before another.
• Example: Having finished her work, she went home.