◉ Tense:- It is a grammatical concept that refers to the time of an action or state of being as expressed by the verb.

◉ It helps us understand when an action occurs in the past, present, or future.

Time + Action = Tense

◉ Present Tense: The Present Tense is used to refer to an action or state of being at the time of speaking.

◉ It is divided into four aspects:
(1) Simple Present Tense
(2) Present Continuous Tense
(3) Present Perfect Tense
(4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

◉ Present Indefinite Tense (Simple Present Tense):
The Simple Present Tense is also known as the Present Indefinite Tense.

◉ It is used to describe:
(1) Indicates a general truth or a usual statement
(2) A habitual action and repeated actions
(3) An action continuing at the moment
(4) A scheduled action
(5) A citation

Examples:
(1) The Earth moves round the sun. (General truth)
(2) The Sun rises in the east. (General truth)
(3) I get up early in the morning. (Habitual action)
(4) My sister goes to the temple every day. (Habitual action)
(5) The match starts at 6 in the evening. (Scheduled action)
(6) The P.M gives a speech tomorrow. (Scheduled action)
(7) Lao Tzu says, “The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.” (Citation)

◉ Subject and Verb Forms in Present Indefinite Tense:-

◉ Base form:- The simplest form of a verb without any endings (e.g., walk). It is the form you would find in the dictionary.

◉ Use the base form of the verb for most subjects (I, We, You, and They).

◉ For third-person singular subjects (He, She, It, and Name), add *s* or *es* to the verb. Table ??

◉ Time Expressions:-

◉ Affirmative Sentences:- These sentences state something as a fact or truth.

Structure:-
Subject + Base Verb + Object Subject + Base Verb +s/es + Object

Example:-
(1) I play football.
(2) You play football.
(3) He plays football.
(4) She dances beautifully.

◉ Negative Sentences:-
We use Do/Does for making a present simple direct verb sentence.
We add not with do and does so that it becomes negative.

Structure:-
Subject + Do/Does + Not + Base Verb + Object

Example:-
(1) I do not/(don't) play football.
(2) She does not/(doesn't) read books.
(3) He does not like broccoli.
(4) We do not go to the gym on Sundays.
(5) You do not collect pictures.
(6) They do not write notes.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-
We use Do/Does for making a present simple direct verb sentence to questions.
We use do, does in the beginning and the subject and the verb to construct a question.

Structure:-
Do + Subject + Base Verb + Object?
(for:- I/You/We/They) Does + Subject + Base Verb + Object? (for:- He/She/It)

Example:-
(1) Do I play football?
(2) Do we do our work?
(3) Do you like pizza?
(4) Does she work at the hospital?
(5) Do they play cricket on weekends?
(6) Does it rain a lot here?

◉ Present Continuous Tense:-
Present continuous, also known as Progressive, indicates:
• A continuous action at the time of speaking
• An incomplete activity or state
• A scheduled program in the immediate future.

Example:-

(1) Nishi is reading a book. (continuous action)
(2) Suman is working hard to score good marks in the examination. (incomplete activity)
(3) He is returning from Pune by tomorrow morning. (programmed action)
(4) I am cooking dinner right now.
(5) We are watching a movie.
(6) It is snowing outside.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + is/am/are + Verb+ing + Object

Example:-
(1) I am playing football.
(2) You are playing football.
(3) He is playing football.
(4) She is dancing beautifully.

◉ Negative Sentences:-
Negative sentences in the present continuous (present progressive) tense describe actions that are not happening at the moment of speaking.

Structure:-
Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb+ing + Object

Example:-
(1) I am not playing football.
(2) You are not (aren't) studying for the exam.
(3) He is not playing the guitar.
(4) The dog is not barking loudly.
(5) The teacher is not explaining the lesson.
(6) The kids are not playing in the park.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-
Interrogative sentences in the present continuous (present progressive) tense are used to ask questions about actions that are currently happening.

Structure:-
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Verb+ing + Object?

Example:-
(1) Am I doing this correctly?
(2) Are you coming to the party?
(3) Is he playing the guitar?
(4) Is she studying for the exam?
(5) Is it raining outside?
(6) Are they watching a movie?

◉ Present Perfect Tense:-
Present Perfect is used to denote a complete action or any action that is already completed.

Example:-
(1) She has done all that is assigned to her. (complete action)
(2) They have seen that movie. (complete action)
(3) He has read that book.
(4) I have done B.Sc.

◉ Notes:-

◉ Two Past Actions:
The Past Perfect Tense always involves two actions that both happened in the past.

◉ Sequence:
It emphasizes the order of the events:one action was completed before the other.

◉ Had:
This helping verb is essential for forming the Past Perfect Tense. Auxiliary 'had' is used with all subjects.

◉ Past participle (V3):
The main verb is always in the past participle form.

Example:-
(1) Sita had cooked dinner by the time Ram came home.

Action 1: Sita had cooked dinner.

Action 2: Ram came home.

Explanation:-

◉ Action 1 (Past Perfect): Sita had cooked dinner. This action was completed first. The past perfect tense (had cooked) indicates that the action was finished before another action occurred.

◉ Action 2 (Simple Past): Ram came home. This action happened after the first action was completed. The simple past tense (came) indicates that this action happened in the past.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + has/have + past participle of the verb(v3) + Object

Example:-
(1) I have done my work.
(2) You have had lunch.
(3) It has eaten biscuit.
(4) She has brought a car.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + has not/have not + past participle of verb + Object

Example:-
(1) She has not visited the temple.
(2) You have not seen that movie.
(3) I have not finished my homework.
(4) He has not visited the Taj Mahal.
(5) She has not started her new job.
(6) We have not planned our holiday yet.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Has/Have + subject + past participle (v3)+ object?

Example:-
(1) Have I done enough to help?
(2) Have you ever seen a rainbow?
(3) Have we met before?
(4) Has he completed his assignment?
(5) Has she read the book?
(6) Have they started the project?

◉ Present Perfect Continuous Tense:-
Present Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action still continuing though that action is partially complete and has its bearing on the present moment.

Example:-
(1) I have been writing a book for one month. (action yet to end, though partially complete)
(2) I have been learning English for two years.
(3) They have been waiting for the bus for an hour.
(4) He has been living in this house since 2020.

◉ Present Perfect Continuous Tense Uses:-

◉ Action started in the past and has continued up to the present moment:
(1) We have been talking for the last 3 hours.
(2) I have been playing Chess since 2022.
(3) He has been thinking about his career for a long time.
(4) She has been dancing since 2002.

◉ Recently Completed Actions:
(1) I’m tired because I have been running.
(2) He seems tense because he has been arguing with his boss.

◉ Emphasis on Duration:
(1) She has been waiting for you for an hour.
(2) They have been working on this project all week.

◉ Result in the Present:
(1) The streets are wet because it has been raining.
(2) He looks exhausted because he has been studying all night.

◉ Repeated Actions:
(1) He has been visiting the gym regularly.
(2) He has been calling her every day.

◉ Time Expressions:-

◉ For:-
(1) For is used to specify a period of time.
(2) For is used to talk about an amount of time.
(3) The amount of time could be seconds, minutes, hours, days, months or even years.

Example:-
(1) He has been reading a book for two hours.
(2) She has been writing a poem for three hours.
(3) She has been working here for ten years.
(4) They have been living in this apartment for six months.

◉ Since:-
(1) Since is used to indicate the starting point of an action in the past that continues up to now.
(2) Since is used to refer to an exact/particular point of time.
(3) Since morning, since Monday, since last year, since 2018, etc.

Example:-
(1) He has been living here since 2020.
(2) He has been reading since evening.
(3) They have been living in this apartment since June.
(4) He has been studying since 6 AM.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + have/has + been + present participle (v+ing) + object + for/since + time

Example:-
(1) I have been working on this project for two days.
(2) It has been raining all morning.
(3) We have been living in this house since 2022.
(4) He has been studying very hard lately.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + have/has + not + been + present participle (v+ing) + object + for/since + time

Example:-
(1) I have not been writing my report.
(2) She has not been learning Kannada since January.
(3) She has not been studying for her exams.
(4) I have not been reading since morning.
(5) She has not been working for five years.
(6) They have not been gardening for two months.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Has/Have + subject + been + present participle (v+ing) + for/since + time?

Example:-
(1) Have I been making a lot of noise?
(2) Have you been learning English for a long time?
(3) Has she been working here since 2018?
(4) Has it been raining for hours?
(5) Has she been learning French since January?
(6) Have you been reading that book for a week?

◉ Past Tense:-
The past simple tense with was and were is used to describe states or situations that existed in the past. We use was if the subject is I/he/she/it and were if the subject is you/we/they.

◉ Complement:-
A Complement in grammar is a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a verb in a sentence. Complements can provide additional information about the subject or object of the sentence. They are essential in making the sentence complete and meaningful.

Structure:- Affirmative Sentences:-
Subject + was/were + complement(object)

Example:-
(1) I was a teacher.
(2) She was happy.
(3) He was at the meeting.
(4) We were happy with the results.

Negative Sentences:-
Subject + Was/Were + not + object

Example:-
(1) I was not a teacher.
(2) She was not happy.
(3) He was not at the meeting.
(4) We were not happy with the results.

Interrogative Sentences:-
Was/Were + Subject + object?

Example:-
(1) Was I a teacher?
(2) Was it a good experience?
(3) Was he your friend?
(4) Were we happy with the results?

◉ Past Indefinite Tense:-
The past simple tense, also known as the simple past tense, is used to describe actions or events that occurred and were completed at a specific time in the past.

◉ It is used to describe:- ◉
Action that happened in the past:
(1) I ate a mango.
(2) She danced well at the party.
(3) They watched a movie.
(4) We had an exam.

◉ Action finished/completed in the past:
(1) I met your sister yesterday.
(2) She went to Patna last year.
(3) She bought a book one month ago.
(4) They watched a movie last night.

◉ Past Habits:
(1) I played every evening.
(2) She baked cookies every Saturday.
(3) He read a bedtime story to his children every night.
(4) I visited my grandparents every summer.

◉ Time Expressions of Finished Action in past:-

◉ Yesterday, Yesterday morning/evening

◉ The day before yesterday

◉ Ago, The other day

◉ Last night

◉ Last week

◉ Last month, Last year

◉ In 2022, In June

Rule:- The words like Ago, back, past, a few years ago, last, yesterday, etc., are always used in Past Indefinite and not in Past Perfect Tense.

Example:-
(1) I had gone to Patna yesterday. (wrong, because yesterday is used in past indefinite only)
(2) I went to Patna yesterday. (Correct)

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + v2 (Past Tense Verb) + object

Example:-
(1) I played football.
(2) They played football.
(3) We finished the project on time.
(4) She bought a new dress yesterday.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + did not (Didn't) + base form of verb + object

Example:-
(1) I didn't understand the instructions.
(2) He didn't like the movie.
(3) They didn't finish the book.
(4) You did not send the email.
(5) You did not answer the phone.
(6) They did not write notes.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Did + subject + base verb + object?

Example:-
(1) Did you finish your homework?
(2) Did she cook dinner last night?
(3) Did we miss the bus?
(4) Did it rain yesterday?
(5) Did they attend the meeting?
(6) Did she enjoy the book?

◉ Past Continuous Tense:- ◉
Past Continuous Tense indicates a continuous action at the time of speaking or referring to the activity, and an incomplete action in the past.

◉ Actions that began in the past and were continuing for a period of time in the past.

◉ Action continues in the past.

Example:-
(1) I was playing.
(2) We were writing.
(3) Mohan was walking in the garden.
(4) They were dancing at the party.
(5) She was learning English.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + was/were + v+ing + object

Example:-
(1) I was playing football.
(2) They were playing football.
(3) You were asking a lot of questions.
(4) She was learning English.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + was/were + not + v+ing + object

Example:-
(1) I was not playing football.
(2) They were not playing football.
(3) You were not asking a lot of questions.
(4) She was not learning English.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Was/Were + subject + v+ing + object?

Example:-
(1) Was I playing football?
(2) Were they playing football?
(3) Were you asking a lot of questions?
(4) Was she learning English?

1.) This is sometimes called past of the past.

2.) The past perfect tense described an already completed activity in the past.

3.) The past perfect tense is used to refer to two actions at two points of time in the past. When two actions happen in the past, the earlier action is conveyed through a clause of past perfect and the later point of the past tense is shown either by a clause with the verb in the simple past tense or simply by the use of adverbs like 'before', 'already', 'earlier' etc.

4.) It helps to show the sequence of events.

◉ Use of past perfect tense:-

A.) 1.) We use the Past Perfect tense to show what happened first. The other part can be shown using Simple Past Tense.
2.) It is used to emphasize that an action was completed before another action took place. This tense allows us to show or talk about two or more things that happened in the past and we want to show which of those happened first in the past.,br> 3.) If two actions happened in the past, Past Perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier.

B.) 1.) Past Perfect is used in reported speech after verbs like:said, asked, thought, wondered etc.

◉ Notes:-

◉ Two Past Actions: The Past Perfect Tense always involves two actions that both happened in the past.

◉ Sequence: It emphasizes the order of the events:one action was completed before the other.

◉ Had: This helping verb is essential for forming the Past Perfect Tense. Auxiliary 'had' is used with all subjects.

◉ Past participle (V3): The main verb is always in the past participle form.

Example:- (1) Sita had cooked dinner by the time Ram came home.

Action 1: Sita had cooked dinner.

Action 2: Ram came home.

Explanation:-

◉ Action 1 (Past Perfect): Sita had cooked dinner. This action was completed first. The past perfect tense (had cooked) indicates that the action was finished before another action occurred.

◉ Action 2 (Simple Past): Ram came home. This action happened after the first action was completed. The simple past tense (came) indicates that this action happened in the past.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + had + past participle (V3) + rest of the sentence

Example:-
(1) My sister had saved enough money before she bought the car.
(2) She had cleaned the house before the guests arrived.
(3) He had learned to drive before he moved to the city.
(4) Siya had saved enough money before she bought a new dress.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject (Sub) + auxiliary Verb (had) + not + main verb (past participle) + object + rest of the sentence.

Example:-
(1) My sister had not saved enough money before she bought the car.
(2) She had not cleaned the house before the guests arrived.
(3) He had not learned to drive before he moved to the city.
(4) Siya had not saved enough money before she bought a new dress.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Had + subject (Sub) + main verb (past participle) + object + rest of the sentence?

Example:-
(1) Had my sister saved enough money before she bought the car?
(2) Had she cleaned the house before the guests arrived?
(3) Had he learned to drive before he moved to the city.
(4) Had Siya saved enough money before she bought a new dress?

◉ Past Perfect Continuous Tense:- ◉
Past Perfect Continuous tense indicates that an action started in the past and continued up to another point in the past.

◉ Unlike the Present Perfect Continuous, which indicates an action that began in the past and continued up to the present, the Past Perfect Continuous tense indicates something that began in the past, continued in the past, and also ended at a defined point in the past.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + had + been + v1+ing + object + time reference (for/since/before)

Example:-
(1) I had been reading the book for a week before I finished it.
(2) She had been cooking all morning before the guests arrived.
(3) He had been studying for hours before he finally took a break.
(4) We had been playing tennis when the rain interrupted our match.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
subject (Sub) + auxiliary Verb (had) + not + been + main Verb (v1+ing) + object + time reference

Example:-
(1) I had not been reading the book for a week before I finished it.
(2) She had not been cooking all morning before the guests arrived.
(3) He had not been studying for hours before he finally took a break.
(4) We had not been playing tennis when the rain interrupted our match.
(5) By the end of this year, we will not have been working on our new website for two months.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Had + subject + been + present participle (verb + ing) + rest of the sentence?

Example:-
(1) Had I been reading the book for a week before I finished it?
(2) Had she been cooking all morning before the guests arrived?
(3) Had he been studying for hours before he finally took a break?
(4) Had we been playing tennis when the rain interrupted our match?

◉ Future Tense:- Action that happen in future.

Example:-
(1) I will learn English.
(2) We will play football.
(3) You will see the results soon.
(4) She will start her new job on Monday.
(5) He will buy a car soon.
(6) They will go to the beach next weekend.
(7) It will rain tomorrow.

◉ Shall:-
Shall is traditionally used with first-person pronouns (I, we) to indicate a simple future action.

Example:-
(1) I shall return your book tomorrow.
(2) We shall go out for dinner tonight.

◉ Will:-
Will is used with second and third-person pronouns (you, he, she, it, they) to indicate a simple future action.

Example:-
(1) He will attend the meeting tomorrow.
(2) She will arrive at noon.
(3) You will attend the meeting tomorrow.
(4) They will arrive at noon.

◉ Traditional Usage:- Shall:- first-person pronouns (I, we)

◉ Modern Usage:- Will:- Will is common for all subjects (I, we, you, he, she, it, and they).

◉ Uses of Shall:- ◉
More formal, used with 'I' and 'we,' for suggestions, offers, formal commands, obligations, and strong intentions.

(1) First Person Pronouns (I, We):
Shall is used to express the future when the subject is 'I' or 'We.' (a) I shall write a letter to you.

(2) Suggestions and Offers: Polite Proposals and Offers:
(a) Shall we go for a walk?
(b) Shall we order some food?
(c) Shall I drop you home?
(d) Shall I prepare dinner tonight?

(3) Formal Commands and Obligations:
Legal or Formal Documents: Used to denote mandatory actions or obligations in formal documents.
(a) The committee shall meet every Friday.
(b) The tenant shall pay the rent on the first day of each month.
(c) The employee shall adhere to the company's code of conduct.
(d) Visitors shall present valid identification at the security checkpoint.

(4) Strong Determination or Promises:
Expresses strong determination or promises, often found in speeches or formal declarations.
(a) We shall overcome these challenges.
(b) We shall provide the best service possible.

◉ Uses of Will:-
◉ More commonly used in all contexts, including informal speech, for future actions, promises, offers, and predictions.

(1) General Usage:
Used for all pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) to express future actions.
(a) She will finish her homework soon.

(2) Informal Tone:
Commonly used in everyday conversation.
(a) I will call you later.
(b) We'll meet at the restaurant.
(c) I will send you the details.
(d) He will finish the report by tonight.

(3) Predictions:
Used to predict future events based on opinions or experiences.
(a) It will rain tomorrow.
(b) She will win the competition.
(c) The economy will improve next year.
(d) He will become a successful entrepreneur.

(4) Spontaneous Decisions:
Indicates decisions made at the moment of speaking.
(a) We will order burgers for dinner.
(b) She will pay for the tickets.

◉ Future Indefinite Tense:-
The Future Indefinite Tense, also known as the Simple Future Tense, is used to describe actions or events that will happen in the future.

◉ Common Time Expression Words:-
(1) Tomorrow (2) Soon (3) Later (4) In the future (5) In a few minutes/hours/days

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb (infinitive) + object

Example:-
(1) I will/shall play football.
(2) We shall go to the market.
(3) He will play cricket.
(4) She will buy a new dress tomorrow.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will/shall + not + base form of the verb (infinitive) + object

Example:-
(1) I will not (won't) eat dinner tonight.
(2) We will not travel to Goa next summer.
(3) He will not (won't) attend the meeting.
(4) She will not bake a cake for the party.
(5) We shall not (shan't) leave early.
(6) They will not finish the project by Friday.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Will/Shall + subject + base form of the verb + object?

Example:-
(1) Shall I make some tea for you?
(2) Shall we start the meeting now?
(3) Will she buy a new car soon?
(4) Will they travel to Trupati next year?
(5) Will you come to the party?
(6) Will she finish her homework on time?

◉ Future Continuous Tense:-
The future continuous tense is used to describe actions that will be in progress at a specific point in the future.

Example:-
(1) I will be preparing dinner when you arrive.
(2) They will be playing football this evening.
(3) She will be traveling to Goa next week.
(4) We will be traveling to Goa next week.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will be + present participle (verb+ing) + object

Example:-
(1) I will be attending a wedding next weekend.
(2) The kids will be playing in the park in the evening.
(3) She will be learning to play the guitar over the summer.
(4) He will be traveling to Bengaluru next month.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will not be + present participle (verb+ing) + object

Example:-
(1) I will not be attending a wedding next weekend.
(2) The kids will not be playing in the park in the evening.
(3) She will not be learning to play the guitar over the summer.
(4) He will not be traveling to Bengaluru next month.
(5) You will not be playing tennis this weekend.
(6) They will not be discussing the new project at the meeting.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Will + subject + be + present participle (verb+ing) + object?

Example:-
(1) Will I be attending a wedding next weekend?
(2) Will the kids be playing in the park in the evening?
(3) Will she be learning to play the guitar over the summer?
(4) Will he be traveling to Bengaluru next month?

◉ Future Perfect Tense:-
The future perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be completed by a certain point in the future.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will have + past participle + object

Example:-
(1) I will have learned to play the guitar by the end of the year.
(2) You will have saved enough money for your vacation by summer.
(3) She will have finished her book by the deadline.
(4) He will have completed the project by the end of the month.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will not have (won't have) + past participle (V3) + object
Example:-
(1) I will not have learned to play the guitar by the end of the year.
(2) You will not have saved enough money for your vacation by summer.
(3) She will not have finished her book by the deadline.
(4) He will not have completed the project by the end of the month.
(5) It won't have melted by the time we get back.
(6) They will not have built the new basketball ground by next year.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Will + subject + have + past participle (v3) + object?

Example:-
(1) Will I have learned to play the guitar by the end of the year?
(2) Will you have saved enough money for your vacation by summer?
(3) Will she have finished her book by the deadline?
(4) Will he have completed the project by the end of the month?

◉ Future Perfect Continuous Tense:-
The future perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions that will have been ongoing up to a certain point in the future.

◉ Affirmative Sentences:-

Structure:- Subject + will/shall have been + present participle (verb + ing) + object

Example:-
(1) I will have been watching TV for two hours by the time you arrive.
(2) At this time next week, you will have been living here for five years.
(3) By next month, she will have been working at this company for five years.
(4) By next winter, he will have been teaching at the university for ten years.
(5) By the end of this year, we will have been working on our new website for two months.

◉ Negative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Subject + will/shall not have been + present participle (verb + ing) + object

Example:-
(1) I will not have been watching TV for two hours by the time you arrive.
(2) At this time next week, you will not have been living here for five years.
(3) By next month, she will not have been working at this company for five years.
(4) By next winter, he will not have been teaching at the university for ten years.
(5) By the end of this year, we will not have been working on our new website for two months.

◉ Interrogative Sentences:-

Structure:-
Will/shall + subject + have + been + present participle (verb + ing) + object?

Example:-
(1) Will I have been watching TV for two hours by the time you arrive?
(2) At this time next week, will you have been living here for five years?
(3) By next month, will she have been working at this company for five years?
(4) By next winter, will he have been teaching at the university for ten years?
(5) By the end of this year, will we have been working on our new website for two months?