An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It provides more information about the qualities, characteristics, or state of being of the noun or pronoun.

Examples:
• The beautiful flower.
• He is a tall man.
• She wore a red dress.

Adjectives can be categorized based on their function. Here are some common types:

1. Descriptive Adjectives (Adjectives of Quality)
2. Quantitative Adjectives (Adjectives of Quantity)
3. Numeral Adjectives (Adjectives of Number)
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
5. Interrogative Adjectives
6. Possessive Adjectives
7. Proper Adjectives
8. Emphasizing Adjectives
9. Exclamatory Adjectives

These adjectives describe the quality, state, or characteristic of a noun or pronoun.

Examples:
• A clever girl.
• The honest man.
• A large city.
• She has curly hair.

These adjectives indicate the amount or quantity of a noun. They answer the question 'how much?' and are typically used with uncountable nouns.

Examples:
• I have some rice.
• He has little patience.
• There is much water in the jug.
• She showed great courage.

Numeral Adjectives indicate the number of nouns or their order. They answer the question 'how many?' or 'in what order?'.

There are three main types of numeral adjectives:

• Definite Numeral Adjectives: Show an exact number. They include:
  • Cardinals: one, two, three (e.g., Five apples).
  • Ordinals: first, second, third (e.g., The first chapter).
• Indefinite Numeral Adjectives: Do not show an exact number.
  Examples: all students, many books, few people, several times.
• Distributive Numeral Adjectives: Refer to each one of a number.
  Examples: each boy, every girl, either pen, neither answer.

Demonstrative Adjectives point out specific nouns and answer the question 'which one?'.

The main demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.

Examples:
• This book is mine. (Singular, near)
• That car is expensive. (Singular, far)
• These flowers are beautiful. (Plural, near)
• Those birds are flying south. (Plural, far)

Interrogative Adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions. The main interrogative adjectives are what, which, and whose.

Examples:
• What color is your car?
• Which book do you prefer?
• Whose bag is this?

Possessive Adjectives show possession or ownership and always come before a noun. The main possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.

Examples:
• My house is big.
• Your idea is great.
• His dog is friendly.
• Her dress is new.
• Its tail is bushy.
• Our team won.
• Their car is parked outside.

Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are always capitalized.

Examples:
• Indian food (from India)
• Shakespearean plays (from Shakespeare)
• Chinese culture (from China)
• An American citizen (from America)

Emphasizing Adjectives are used to emphasize a noun. The main emphasizing adjectives are own and very.

Examples:
• This is the very book I wanted.
• He is his own master.

The word 'what' is sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjective to express strong emotion.

Examples:
• What an idea!
• What a blessing!
• What a genius!

Adjectives can change their form to show degrees of comparison:Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.

1. Positive Degree: Describes a quality without comparison. (e.g., a tall boy)
2. Comparative Degree: Compares two nouns. (e.g., He is taller than his brother.)
3. Superlative Degree: Compares more than two nouns, indicating the highest degree. (e.g., He is the tallest boy in the class.)

➤ Most adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, form the Comparative by adding -er and the Superlative by adding -est to the Positive.

➤ When the Positive ends in -e, only -r and -st are added.

➤ When the Positive ends in -y, preceded by a consonant, the -y is changed into -i before adding -er and -est.

➤ When the Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding -er and -est.

➤ Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of two syllables, form the Comparative by adding more and the Superlative by adding most before the Positive.

➤ Irregular Comparison: Some adjectives are compared irregularly.